c) Classify various transport mechanisms across biological membranes. Explain active transport with an example. (8) d) Write a note on Biological membrane (structure & functions). (7) Q2. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Enumerate different routes of drug administration and compare oral vs. IV pharmacokinetics. (7) b) Define bioavailability and bioequivalence . Explain methods to assess bioavailability. (8)
It sounds like you’re asking for a (question paper) based on the textbook Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics by Dr. C.V.S. Subrahmanyam (a very common reference in Indian pharmacy courses, especially for B.Pharm). Biopharmaceutics And Pharmacokinetics By C.v.s.
c) What is clearance ? Differentiate between total clearance, renal clearance, and hepatic clearance. (8) d) Calculate the loading dose & maintenance dose for a drug with given Vd, Cl, and desired Cp. (7) Q4. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Explain the two-compartment open model – IV bolus. Draw plasma concentration-time profile. (8) b) Discuss non-linear pharmacokinetics (Michaelis-Menten kinetics) – causes & clinical significance. (7) (7) Q2
c) Write a note on Hepatic clearance – intrinsic clearance, extraction ratio (ER), high & low extraction drugs. (8) d) Define First-pass metabolism with examples. (7) Q6. (Long Answer – 15 Marks) a) Discuss multiple dosing – steady-state concentration (Css), accumulation index, and loading dose. (8) b) What are In-vitro – In-vivo correlation (IVIVC) ? Levels of correlation. (7) (7) b) Define bioavailability and bioequivalence