Panchayat

State governments have been reluctant to fully devolve the 29 subjects listed in the 11th Schedule. Many subjects remain under departmental control. Furthermore, Panchayats depend on state and central transfers for 80-90% of their revenue, as their own tax base (property tax, profession tax) is narrow and poorly collected.

The Sarpanch often lacks control over the Panchayat Secretary (a state government employee), who holds budgetary power. At higher tiers, sitting MLAs and MPs frequently dominate Zila Parishads, subverting the elected Panchayat leadership. Panchayat

British colonial administration systematically undermined the Panchayat system. The introduction of the Ryotwari and Zamindari systems centralized revenue collection, while the establishment of civil courts and police forces stripped village councils of their judicial and executive authority. By the late 19th century, Panchayats existed only as weak, advisory bodies. State governments have been reluctant to fully devolve

This paper argues that while the Panchayat system has successfully broken the monopoly of elite governance and ensured political representation for historically excluded groups, its transformative potential remains constrained by structural gaps in funding, function devolution, and functional autonomy. 2.1 Ancient and Medieval Roots The term Panchayat literally means "assembly of five" (panch = five). Historically, village councils in ancient India (as referenced in texts like the Rig Veda and Manusmriti ) were composed of elders who adjudicated disputes, managed common property, and collected taxes. These bodies derived legitimacy from social consensus rather than formal codification. The Sarpanch often lacks control over the Panchayat

Although reservations ensure representation, substantive decision-making often remains with male family members (the "Sarpanch pati" phenomenon) or dominant castes. Gram Sabhas suffer from low participation due to illiteracy, poverty, and fear of reprisal.